Opening the Armenian Border, Gul and Erdogan Guarantee Turkey´s Dismemberment in No-Time
Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
March 15, 2009
In seven earlier articles entitled "Turkey´s Ongoing Colonization: Only Reason for Recognizing Racist Armenian Tyranny" (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94451), "Devastating HRW on Armenian Tyranny Imposes Cancellation of the Gul – Erdogan Pro-Armenian Policy" (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94453), "Recognition of the Armenian Tyranny by Ankara Equals Colonization of Turkey by Freemasonic EU – US" (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94492), "Turkish – Armenian Rapprochement to Be Linked on Human Rights Conditions´ Improvement in Armenia" (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94496), "Turkey Cannot Open Its Borders to the Heinous, Rancorous Tyranny of Armenia" (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94498), "Armenia: A Tyranny to be Kept Isolated by Turkey on Poor Human Rights Record"
(http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94504), and "Devastating HRW Report on Armenia Forces Erdogan and Gul to Abandon Failed Policy of Rapprochement" (http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/94507), I republished parts of the devastating HRW Report (the HRW Press Release issued on the occasion of the Report publication a few days ago, the Contents, the Summary, the Methodology, the Background, the 2008 Presidential Elections, and the Post-Election Protests and Violence).
I called for a master coup against the unrepresentative Erdogan gang of high traitors, freemasons and besotted pseudo-Islamists, who implement the Anti-Turkish colonial agenda of England and France; in fact, the colonial powers imposed on the Freemasonic pupils Gul and Erdogan the Turkish – Armenian rapprochement.
In the present article, I republish the first part of the HRW Report´s chapter on Ill-treatment and Torture. In forthcoming articles, I will complete the republication of the remaining parts of the devastating HRW Report on the Armenian Tyranny.
VI. Ill-treatment and Torture
http://www.hrw.org/en/node/80933/section/8
Treatment of People Detained in Connection with March 1
Human Rights Watch documented physical abuse and ill-treatment of detainees during arrest as well as while being transported to the police department. In some cases abuse-verbal and physical-continued in custody. Our research has shown a number of serious due process violations in the course of those arrests and prosecutions, including incommunicado detention and lack of access to a lawyer of one's choice. Several cases are detailed below.
Armenia's international legal obligations regarding treatment of detainees
The prohibition on torture and ill-treatment
Armenia is a member of the Council of Europe and a party to its core regional human rights treaties, as well as core international human rights treaties. These include the ECHR, the European Convention on the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman and Degrading Treatment or Punishment (ECPT),[169] the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR),[170] and the UN Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Convention against Torture) and the latter's Optional Protocol.[171] These treaties provide for the protection of basic civil and political rights and also specific guarantees relating to treatment and conditions in custody for those deprived of their liberty. They are supplemented by instruments specific to treatment of those in detention.
The most fundamental of protections for prisoners and detainees is the absolute prohibition on torture. The ICCPR and the Convention against Torture both prohibit torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment, without exception or derogation. Article 10 of the ICCPR, in addition, mandates that "[a]ll persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person."[172] Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) also prohibits torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, in absolute terms.[173]
Armenian legislation contains several provisions prohibiting the use of torture. Article 17 of the Armenian Constitution (part I) provides that no one shall be subjected to torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. It also states that arrested, detained, and convicted persons have the right to be treated humanely and with respect for their dignity.[174] Article 119 of the Criminal Code of Armenia establishes legal responsibility for acts of torture;[175] article 341 provides for liability for forcing testimony through torture and violence;[176] and article 392 classifies torture as a crime against human security.[177] Article 9 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Armenia provides that, during a criminal investigation, no one shall be subjected to degrading treatment or kept in demeaning conditions.[178] Article 5 of the Law on Police prohibits police officers from subjecting a person to torture, cruel or degrading treatment, or using violence against a person.[179]
Right to inform others of one's arrest
Rule 92 of the UN Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Standard Minimum Rules) provides that:
An untried prisoner shall be allowed to inform immediately his family of his detention and shall be given all reasonable facilities for communicating with his family and friends, and for receiving visits from them, subject only to restrictions and supervision as are necessary in the interests of the administration of justice and of the security and good order of the institution.[180]
In 1988 the United Nations General Assembly adopted a Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (Body of Principles), further strengthening international standards of detention. Principle 15 states that a detained person's "communication … with the outside world, and in particular his family or counsel, shall not be denied for more than a matter of days."[181] The detainee has a right to notify, or have the authorities notify, "members of his family or other appropriate persons of his choice of his arrest, detention or imprisonment or of the transfer and of the place where he is kept in custody."[182]
Article 16 of the Armenian Constitution states, "Everyone who is deprived of his/her liberty shall have a right to immediately notify this to any person chosen by him/her."[183] The Criminal Procedure Code states that a detained person has the right to "immediately after detention, but no later than after 12 hours … inform [his/her] close relatives."[184]
Right of access to counsel
The right of all persons accused of a crime to the assistance of a lawyer is a fundamental procedural guarantee. Article 14 of the ICCPR and article 6 of the ECHR stipulate that everyone charged with a criminal offense has the right "to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing" or be assigned free legal assistance if necessary. The UN Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human Rights have considered these provisions applicable to periods before trial, including the period in police custody.[185] The European Court of Human Rights found the United Kingdom in violation of article 6 of the Convention because it denied a detainee access to a lawyer for the first 48 hours of police questioning. The Court held:
T]he concept of fairness enshrined in Article 6 (art. 6) requires that the accused has the benefit of the assistance of a lawyer already at the initial stages of police interrogation. To deny access to a lawyer for the first 48 hours of police questioning, in a situation where the rights of the defence may well be irretrievably prejudiced, isâ€"whatever the justification for such denialâ€"incompatible with the rights of the accused under Article 6 (art. 6).[186]
The UN Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers requires that
All arrested, detained or imprisoned persons shall be provided with adequate opportunities, time and facilities to be visited by and to communicate and consult with a lawyer, without delay, interception or censorship and in full confidentiality.[187]
According to the Armenian Criminal Procedure Code, a person has the right to have or to refuse a defense lawyer or to defend him or herself from the moment when he or she is presented with a decision of detention, the protocol of detention, or a decision regarding other measures of restraint.[188]
Cases of ill-treatment during arrest and in custody
Over a hundred people were arrested on March 1 and in the following days. When possible, Human Rights Watch interviewed detainees post-release, while in other cases our sources of information were witnesses, lawyers, and family members of detainees still in custody. Human Rights Watch documented 38 detention cases, in 27 of which the individual alleged ill-treatment.
Criminal lawyer Seda Safaryan told Human Rights Watch about the March 1 detention of one of her clients, Musheg M. Safaryan managed to see her client on March 2 and saw that he bore clear marks of injury, he could hardly stand, and moved very slowly, the slightest jolt causing him to double up in pain. Musheg M. told Safaryan that he had been ill-treated and assaulted during arrest: he said he had been stopped while riding in a taxi, forced out, and pushed to the ground, whereupon several people in civilian clothes and black masks set about kicking him before transferring him to a police station. Musheg M. said he was also beaten at the police station.[189]
Safaryan described to us how another of her clients, David Arakelyan, bore serious bruises, particularly visible on his face, when she visited him in police custody. Arakelyan explained to the lawyer that the bruises had been sustained during arrest and that he had also been assaulted while being transferred to the police station. Safaryan requested a forensic medical examination of Arakelyan on March 2, but the examination was done only on March 10.[190]
Amalia Avakyan, criminal lawyer for Hrach H., told Human Rights Watch that her client required serious medical intervention after he was assaulted during arrest. Hrach H. had been detained at around 10 a.m. on March 1 and taken to the Kentron police station, before being transferred to Erebuni police station in south Yerevan. Hrach H. stated that police assaulted him during arrest, causing serious injuries including a broken left wrist. He required eight stitches on his head and was diagnosed with concussion, but was not given a forensic medical examination until 10 days after his arrest.[191]Â
Araz Zakharyan, criminal lawyer for Mher M., also stated that his client had been ill-treated during arrest and transfer. Mher M. had spent the night of February 29-March 1 at Freedom Square, but ran away when police arrived in the morning. Zakharyan told Human Rights Watch that his client claims to have been arrested by police in black masks, who stuffed him into a minivan and assaulted him on the way to the police station. Allegedly, Mher M. was forced to lie down in the van and a policeman in a black mask put a foot on his face, pinning him flat down, while another one kicked him in the back, head, and stomach. Zakharyan showed us photographs of Mher M. that he took when visiting his client in police custody. Bruises were clearly visible on Mher M.'s face and head as well as his right hand. At the time Human Rights Watch interviewed Zakharyan, 10 days after the alleged assault, his request for a forensic medical examination of Mher M. remained unanswered.[192]
Persons interviewed by Human Rights Watch have also reported ill-treatment, threats, and humiliation in custody at police stations and in pretrial detention facilities. Sanasar S., the artist whose beating by police after the break up of the Freedom Square demonstration is described above in Chapter IV, was arrested and taken to the police 6th department. He told Human Rights Watch:
I was brought into the station around 8:00 a.m. and kept there until 4:30 p.m. They wanted me to write an explanatory statement, but I could not as my arm really hurt. Then they took me to the hospital, where my arm was put in plaster before they brought back to the police. They did not allow me to contact family members or a lawyer. No one explained to me what was my status and why was I kept there.
Next day Sanasar S. was questioned by an investigator from the prosecutor's office. He said he was verbally abused and threatened during and after the interrogation. Sanasar S. recounted to Human Rights Watch:
They did not beat me, but it might have been better if they had. They were insulting my dignity. They told me, "We know you have a nice wife and a daughter," and they would swear about them, calling them whores and threatening to do bad things to them. They threatened to rape me with a truncheon. I am still very shocked. I keep thinking about it and I fear that they'll come after me and carry out their threats.[193]
Sanasar S., who is from Yeghednadzor, a small town about two hours' drive southeast of Yerevan, was released after giving a statement, but was detained again on March 7 and taken to the local police station, where he said he was kept incommunicado for 20 hours. He was released the next day after being questioned for two hours. He was asked to confess that the opposition was armed with firearms and sticks on March 1. Sanasar S. said he was again threatened that he would have serious problems if he was seen at any opposition rally again; he was asked to think about his family and what could happen to them if he were to disobey. Sanasar S. was not allowed to have a lawyer of his choice at any stage of his dealings with the police.[194]
Hovsep H., who had also been at Freedom Square and had run away from police only to be assaulted after police caught up with him, regained consciousness in a police station (see Chapter IV). He described to Human Rights Watch being in a big room with about 20-25 detainees in it, saying that almost all bore signs of beatings. Hovsep H. thinks that one of the detainees had an attack of epilepsy, as he was on the floor and rolling uncontrollably. Another one was bleeding from his head and also lying on the floor. Hovsep H. was shortly afterwards taken to hospital as his head was also bleeding and his back aching. He required several stitches on his head and had to spend 10 days in hospital recovering.
A police investigator visited Hovsep H. in hospital and took a statement from him. Hovsep H. said he was threatened that he could get into trouble if he complained about how he had sustained his injuries. Hovsep H. told Human Rights Watch:
They [the policemen] told me that if I wanted to go home from the hospital and I did not want problems, I should write that I had just panicked and fell down, sustaining the head injury. I was told that I would be charged with resisting the police and put in prison for a long time if I wrote that police had beaten me. I wrote what they asked me to do in order to avoid prosecution.[195]
Early in the morning of March 2, Suren S., a 25-year-old man from Aparan (Aragatsotn region, northwest of Yerevan), was traveling in a taxi when police flagged down the vehicle and apprehended Suren S. and the other passenger. As recounted by Suren S. to Human Rights Watch in January 2009, the police threw him to the ground and beat him with batons before they threw him into a car and took him to the 6th department. At the police station, he said, police officers in masks continued to beat him, including outdoors at one point:
Around dawn they took us out, put us on the ground and police officers would step on us. It lasted for half an hour to an hour. They would hit us, yell at us, and tell us that this would be our end.[196]
Afterwards, Suren S. spent time in various offices at the police station. He was also taken to a separate location to be tested for narcotics before he was taken back to the police station to write a statement. He told Human Rights Watch:
The investigator dictated what I should write. He made me write that [name withheld] organized the mass disorder. I wanted to write what I had seen, but he did not allow me. He said "You should write what I tell you!" I started crying. I told them, "I didn't see that he organized the disorder." What could I do? I had just been through that hell. There was no way I could resist.
It was difficult to write because my hands were trembling so much. There was even a point when I lost consciousness. I wanted to write what they told me so that I could get out of there, but my hands were trembling too much.[197]
Police refused Suren's requests to call his family to inform them where he was. Only around 1 a.m. was he allowed to call his parents. Police eventually released him when his father arrived at the police station with his passport.
Upon returning home, Suren S. retained a lawyer who accompanied him to the prosecutor's office when he was summoned for questioning sometime in March. According to Suren S., the investigator in the case apparently had not expected that he would bring a lawyer and that he would not confirm the statement that he had given at the police station. As a result, the first interrogation was short. On July 28, however, the prosecutor's office again summoned Suren for questioning. This time, they interrogated him for four hours each day for four days, exercising pressure on him to confirm his initial statement. A high-ranking employee at the prosecutor office accused him of lying, and two police officers testified that they had detained Suren and that they had not used any force against him.
After the initial interrogation, Suren wrote complaints to the Office of the Public Prosecutor, the Office of the Public Defender, the ad hoc parliamentary commission, the prime minister and the president. He has not received any information about whether there has been an investigation into the alleged torture and ill-treatment.[198]
In a public statement concerning the criminal case against seven people accused of organizing mass disorder aggravated by murder (article 225-3) and usurpation of power (article 300), the Office of the Public Prosecutor referred to Suren's initial statement as part of the evidence against the seven.[199] (The case is described in the next chapter.)
Vasili Khanagyan, age 54, a resident of Ararat region south of Yerevan and a Ter-Petrossian supporter, spent the day of February 29 on Freedom Square, but he did not spend the night there. According to Khanagyan, he was detained on March 3, when around 10 a.m. two officers in civilian clothes took him to the Masis district police station. He was being questioned about involvement in the March 1 events by two officers when, he alleges, a senior police official of Masis district attacked him, with five other policemen joining in. Khanagyan described to Human Rights Watch:
I was standing when [the senior police official] came into the room. He shouted, "Enough politics!" and slapped me several times on the right side of the face. My ears still hurt. Then all of them started beating and kicking me mercilessly. There were six of them altogether. They were kicking me on my shoulders, chest, and back. I fell down … They were spitting at me. I felt devastated. The spitting hurt even more than the actual beating as it was very humiliating. They swore and cursed at me all the time. After they stopped beating me, they continued to pressure me psychologically. They humiliated and insulted me, cursing me and threatening to rape me.[200]
Khanagyan said that police demanded that he confess that he had participated in breaking into and looting shops: "They were asking me to at least write that I found stuff and took it." After taking a statement from Khanagyan, police took his fingerprints and locked him in a cell. Khanagyan described to Human Rights Watch his detention conditions:
I was kept in a tiny cell, one meter by one meter. I was not able to sit properly or lie down. I could just barely sit down on the floor. I spent the entire night like that, sitting. They did not feed me or give me any water. I was not even taken to a toilet.[201]
Khanagyan was not allowed to contact his family or a lawyer throughout this period. He was released around 4 p.m. the next day, after being questioned by an investigator from Yerevan: "They wanted me to promise that I would not participate in any rallies, and released me afterwards." Khanagyan gave an interview to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty describing his ill-treatment at Masis police station. He was brought to Masis police station again on March 12 to speak with the senior police official, who was upset about the radio interview and tried to explain to Khanagyan that there was some kind of misunderstanding, that he had treated Khanagyan as a friend and he was disappointed that the latter had misunderstood his "friendly pats."[202]
Armen Manukyan, a 48-years-old businessman from Masis who participated in the March 1 demonstration in front of the Miasnikyan monument, had a similar experience of ill-treatment at the Masis police station. Three policemen picked up Manukyan from his office on March 3 at around 11 a.m. Manukyan told Human Rights Watch:
When I asked them what happened and why they were taking me, they replied that it was about demonstrations and riots. I asked if they had a warrant and they started cursing me, using foul language. They threatened me that they would lock me up for 10 years. I told them that I wanted to call my lawyer, but they would not allow it. I was forced to write an explanatory statement. Initially I refused, but then they threatened that they would lock me up in the basement, and I gave in. I was completely helpless.
Manukyan was released around 2 a.m., the next day, only after police made him sign a document that he would return later in the day. The police retained his passport and car. Later, on March 4, Manukyan went back to the police station after he got a phone call requesting his appearance around 1 p.m. This time an investigator from the prosecutor's office questioned him. At one point he was asked to step outside into the hallway, where Manukyan was attacked by a man in civilian clothes, who later identified himself as an officer working in the 6th department. Manukyan described to Human Rights Watch the details of the attack:
A man in civilian clothes approached me in the hallway of the police station building and shouted at me, "You wanted the revolution, right?" Then he started cursing me and then hit me in the chest with his fists. Then he used his fists to hit me on the face. He also slapped me about six to seven times. Policemen saw all this, but no one intervened, allowing the guy to continue. One blow was so powerful that I felt dizzy. He was shouting at me: "you know where I work, right? I am from Masis and work in the 6th department." He wanted to provoke me to hit him back, but I refrained and just stood there. I was taken back into the room. The same guy who assaulted me came into the room. I was terrified. He told me that his friend, a fellow officer, died on March 1.
Manukyan told Human Rights Watch that the attitude of the police toward him changed after his lawyer started asking for him. Around midnight he was released after the Masis police chief spoke to him, demanding that Manukyan stay away from any future demonstrations. At no point on either March 3 or 4 was it explained to Manukyan what his status was-he assumes he was questioned as a witness. He was not allowed to have access to a lawyer at any stage.[203]
Arsen A. witnessed ill-treatment of another detainee at Kanaker-Zeytun police station in Yerevan. He told Human Rights Watch:
There was this young man who was complaining that his right leg hurt as he had been beaten up on Freedom Square. There were four more detainees and about five-six police officers in the room. Police wanted to transfer us to the prosecutor's office. This young man objected to it. One policeman approached him and started beating, slapping him on a face and back and kicking him. Two of them were beating him: one holding and another one kicking.[204]
Poghos P., age 32, a Ter-Petrossian activist who participated in the March 1 rallies, was arrested on March 3. A little over a week later Human Rights Watch spoke to members of his family, as Poghos P. was in custody charged with assaulting a police officer. A day after the arrest, the family managed to organize a meeting with Poghos P. through an acquaintance working in the police. Poghos P.'s parents described to Human Rights Watch his dire condition:
I could hardly recognize my son. He was badly beaten. His entire face was swollen. I could see red spots on his face, which were swollen and looked like blood pools. His right eyebrow was broken, bleeding and hanging on his eye. He was bleeding from the mouth as well. He could not stand and could hardly talk.[205]
A member of Human Rights Watch's research team watched a news report featuring Poghos P. on Armenian public television on March 8 and saw that bruises on his face were clearly visible.
Notes
169] European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, E.T.S. 126, entered into force February 1, 1989, ratified by Armenia on June 18, 2002.
170] International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), adopted December 16, 1966, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI), 999 U.N.T.S. 171 (entered into force March 23, 1976), acceded to by Armenia on June 23, 1993.
171] Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession by G.A. Res. 39/46 (entered into force June 26, 1987), acceded to by Armenia on September 13, 1993 . Optional Protocol to this Convention, adopted by G.A. Resolution A/RES/57/199 of 9 January 2003; entered into force June 22, 2006; acceded to by Armenia on September 14, 2006.
172] ICCPR, art. 10.
173] "No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment," European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), art. 3.
174] Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, 1995, http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1&lang=rus (accessed January 18, 2009), art. 17.
175] Criminal Code of the Republic of Armenia, 2003, (accessed January 18, 2009), art. 119.
176] Ibid., art. 341.
177] Ibid., art. 392.
178] Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, 1998, http://www.parliament.am/law_docs/010998HO248eng.pdf?lang=eng (accessed January 18, 2009), art. 119.
179] Law on Police of the Republic of Armenia, 2001, http://www.parliament.am/legislation.php?sel=show&ID=1271&lang=rus (accessed January 18, 2009), art. 5.
180] United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Standard Minimum Rules), adopted by the First United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, held at Geneva in 1955, and approved by the Economic and Social Council by its resolution 663 C (XXIV) of July 31, 1957, and 2076 (LXII) of May 13, 1977, rule 92.
181] Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (Body of Principles), adopted December 9, 1988, G.A. Res. 43/173, annex, 43 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 49) at 298, U.N. Doc. A/43/49 (1988), principle 15.
182] Ibid., principle 16(1).
183] Constitution of the Republic of Armenia, art. 16.
184] Criminal Procedure Code of the Republic of Armenia, art. 63(2)(9). In its report after its 2006 visit to Armenia, the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture pointed out the seeming contradiction between the requirement of immediacy in the Constitution and the possibility of delaying notification for 12 hours in the Criminal Procedure Code. Committee for the Prevention of Torture, "Report to the Armenian Government on the visit to Armenia carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) from 2 to 12 April 2006," CPT/Inf (2007) 47, December 13, 2007, http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/arm/2007-47-inf-eng.htm (accessed January 18, 2009), para. 21. In its comment, the Armenian government stated that the relatives "have to be informed about the location of the mentioned persons immediately, and in case if there is no possibility to inform, it m[u]st be done not late then in 12 hours." Committee for the Prevention of Torture, "Response of the Armenian Government to the report of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) on its visit to Armenia from 2 to 12 April 2006," CPT/Inf (2007) 48, December 13, 2007, http://www.cpt.coe.int/documents/arm/2007-48-inf-eng.htm (accessed December 18, 2009).
185] The Human Rights Committee held that the provision of the UK's Terrorism Act 2000 allowing suspects to be detained for 48 hours without access to a lawyer was of "suspect compatibility" with articles 9 and 14 of the ICCPR. CCPR/CO/73/UK, para. 19 (2001); the European Court of Human Rights similarly held that article 6 of the ECHR applies even in the preliminary stages of a police investigation. In the Imbroscia v. Switzerland judgment, the Court stated that "[c]ertainly the primary purpose of Article 6 as far as criminal matters are concerned is to ensure a fair trial by a 'tribunal' competent to determine any criminal charge,but it does not follow that the Article (Art.6) has no application to pre-trial proceedings," and that the requirements of article 6(3), including the right to legal assistance, "may … be relevant before a case is sent to trial if and in so far as the fairness of the trial is likely to be seriously prejudiced by an initial failure to comply with them." Imbroscia v. Switzerland, Judgment of November 24, 1993, Series A, No. 275, available at www.echr.coe.int, para. 36.
186] European Court of Human Rights, Murray v. United Kingdom, Judgment of February 8, 1996, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1996-I, available at www.echr.coe.int, para. 66.
187] Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, adopted at the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Havana, 27 August to 7 September 1990, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.144/28/Rev.1 at 118 (1990), number 8.
188] "Criminal Procedure Code of Armenia," art. 63, part 2(9).
189] Human Rights Watch interview with Seda Safaryan, Yerevan, March 11, 2008.
190] Ibid.
191] Human Rights Watch interview with Amalia Avakyan, criminal lawyer, Yerevan, March 11, 2008.
192] Human Rights Watch interview with Araz Zakharyan, criminal lawyer, Yerevan, March 11, 2008.
193] Human Rights Watch interview with Sanasar S., March 26, 2008.
194] Ibid.
195] Human Rights Watch interview with Hovsep H., Yerevan, March 26, 2008.
196]Human Rights Watch interview with Suren S., Yerevan, January 16, 2009
197] Ibid.
198] Ibid.
199] "Information on the criminal case concerning March 1-2 2008," Office of the Public Prosecutor, December 12, 2008, http://www.genproc.am/main/en/117/5281/ (accessed January 22, 2009).
200] Human Rights Watch interview with Vasili Khanagyan, Yerevan, March 14, 2008
201] Ibid.
202] Ibid.
203] Human Rights Watch interview with Armen Manukyan, Yerevan, March 11, 2008.
204] Human Rights Watch interview with Arsen A., March 28, 2008.
205] Human Rights Watch interview with Poghos P.'s parents, Yerevan, March 12, 2008.
Note
Picture: Why open the borders to a country like this? The most probable result will be – of course not immediately after the opening (but the masters of the Freemasonic colonial plannifications know very well the proper timing) – the diffusion of this situation from the streets of Yerevan to the squares of Erzurum.